作者：Xiong, F., Li, Z., Brosse, S., Olden, J.D., Cooke, S.J., Yang, B., Lu, Y., Gao, W., Xin, W. & Chen, Y.

China's rapid economic development has triggered an unparalleled freshwater biodiversity crisis since the 1950s. To restore fisheries resources, the Yangtze River Fishing Ban was implemented in 2021 to cease all basin-wide commercial fishing. We evaluate the effectiveness of this large-scale conservation action by assessing fish communities across mainstem habitats before and after the ban (2018 to 2023). The seven-decadal biodiversity loss was halted with improvements in fish biomass, body condition, species diversity, and initial recovery of threatened species. Eliminating fishing pressure was likely key to this recovery, in addition to actions targeting water quality improvement, hydrological and riparian habitat restoration, and vessel traffic reduction. Ambitious conservation actions can halt biodiversity loss in the Yangtze River, bringing hope for biodiversity recovery in other large rivers.

自20世纪50年代以来，中国经济的快速发展引发了一场前所未有的淡水生物多样性危机。为恢复渔业资源，2021年实施了长江禁渔令，全面停止全流域的商业捕捞。通过评估禁渔前后（2018年至 2023年）干流各栖息地的鱼类群落，来评价这一大型保护行动的成效。长达七十年的生物多样性丧失趋势得到遏制，鱼类生物量、体况、物种多样性均有所改善，受威胁物种也开始恢复。除了针对水质改善、水文和河岸栖息地修复以及减少船舶通行的举措外，消除捕捞压力可能是此次恢复的关键因素。雄心勃勃的保护行动能够遏制长江的生物多样性丧失，这为其他大型河流的生物多样性恢复带来了希望。

（来源：Science  2026 Issue 6786 Pages 719-723  DOI: 10.1126/science.adu5160）